The digital Coin above represents a tangible form of currency that exists within a digital world, which is capable of deferring payments anywhere, anytime around the world, via a pathway of interconnected Local Currency Area peoples.
A digital coin based currency created by the people for the people for the first time in human history. It exists not via a monopoly or threat of state sanctioned violence against its population, but solely by acceptance within payments between two people in the real world.
Economists focus on valuable things such as goods and services– what’s happening to them and how they flow within a society - and ignore the money used to buy and sell them.
The numéraire is a basic standard by which value is computed. In mathematical economics it is a tradable economic entity in terms of whose price the relative prices of all other tradable are expressed.
"Money does not affect the essential nature of a trade transaction from being, in the minds of those making it, one between real things, or to modify the motives and decisions of the parties to it. Money, that is to say, is employed, but is treated as neutral." -- (Keynes 1933: 408)
Today we exist in a world where no monetary theory can explain the evolution of fiat-money, and hence money has become unknowable by all. Society must deepen its understanding of money, even modern money, itself.
So let's start with a definition of money as a currency within a deferred payment:
Money as a currency within a payment is viewed as[1]: “a neutral and non-speculative, liquid commodity, which passes freely from hand to hand throughout the community in final discharge of debts and full payment for commodity, being accepted equally without reference to the character or credit of the person who offers it and without the intention of the person who receives it to consume it or apply it to any other use than in turn to tender it to others in discharge of debts or payment for commodity.”
There are two key points in this definition. First, money must be an asset that signifies a part of what its holder owns, and second implying that the set of assets are accepted by the transacting parties as a currency within a deferred payment. Thus, money cannot exist as a form of debt, as no form of debt can discharge another debt. Money as a medium of exchange stands for "what" (is paid) currency is the means of payment concerns "how" (to deliver it)
Monetary reform involves a clear understanding of why free markets succeed, over those which are subject to manipulation and debasement. The global deployment and integration of the universal 'World Currency Unit' will require a complete change of socio-political and economic cultures, but properly approached it can be achieved, as the neo Keynesian macroeconomics induced liquidity trap, has no solution.
From an economic standpoint, the introduction of the World Currency Unit, the Equity Theory of Money, and the Coin, yields immediate benefits for humanity compared with the existing, debt overloaded, currency regimes. The actors obstructing the World Currency Unit and Coin introduction, suffer from a lack of understanding of Catallactic theory[1] by professorial economists and the establishment’s relentless grip on bureaucratic and political power.
Within a digital world without borders, money is no longer created by government decree, but rather by surviving the test of global trade and the pressures of market forces while maintaining its value, via the Law of One Price. The establishment of a supra-nation currency cannot be decreed by law or agreed by governments. Rather, it arises naturally as a result of choices made by a multitude of financial operators, and since one of the main qualities that those financial operators are seeking is the general acceptance of the currency by other operators, the choice tends to be made based on consensus and critical mass rather than anything more scientific or precise.
The excellence of the World Currency Unit and its deployment via a tangible Coin, renders the determination of the monetary unit's purchasing power independent of manipulation or debasement by individual nations, political parties and supra-national corporations. The World Currency Unit is more stable than Gold itself, exceeds the functionality and comes with the same guarantee of individual privacy of the 4000 year old metallic coin
The World Currency Unit and the Local Currency Units form the basis for sound incorruptible money as capital, because no other arrangement can survive over time.
[1] UK case law Moss v Hancock [1899] 2 QB 111 contains this definition of money.
One benefit of physical cash is that it enables payments and trade to continue when digital networks fail. It also provides universal access to all of humanity without the need for permission from a bankster, it affords reassurance by being physically present. Even though ATMs require electricity and offline payment technologies are becoming the dominant means of payments as they afford a means to make a payment across space and time, cash is still the most trusted and universally available and resilient means of payment when the power or internet fails. The practical technical limitation with physical cash is its constraint, to in-presence mediated exchanges (C-M and M-C). Physical or metallic coins cannot make a deferred payment across space or time.
A Coin[2] exists as tangible property, with intrinsic value, as legal tender; which can be passed between trading parties (C-M and M-C) via any media, any network, which includes a Sneakernet. In 2021 mobile networks can be arbitrarily shut down, and internet failures have become more common, most are designed to fail when subject to extreme or flash level data or connectivity demands. There is no known payment system other than physical coins which have proven to be immune from network failures. A digital bearer coin has no need to compromise, it has all of the benefits of a metallic coin and defers payment across space and time as a legal tender based payment in ~ 300 milliseconds anywhere on the planet. A Digital Coin cannot be censored or stopped from performing, like physical cash, its core function as a means of payment between people.
Only a bearer coin exists, without the need for a ledger,, and hence only a bearer digital coin can defer payments across space and time without the need for any clearing or settlement system.
Catallactics is a theory of the way the free market system reaches exchange ratios and prices. It aims to analyse all actions based on monetary value calculation and trace the formation of prices back to the point where an agent makes his or her choices as to a trade based a market value, being the representation of the equilibrium of two supply vs demand exchange value points. The free market equilibrium price is based upon the voluntary exchange of that which is surplus of requirements for the seller but in demand by the buyer. It explains prices as they are, rather than as they "should" be. The laws of Catallactics are not subjective judgments, but aim to represent an objective exchange of use value, with universal validity.
Coins are minted, within a local currency area, via the "Mint", which mimics the existing metallic coin mint, which has operated throughout human history. Within a CBDC the Digital Mint is a Public Private Partnership, between Treasury and the currency area Economic Agents.
The Coin is based upon freely available open standards which allow any party to build their own interoperable Coin, for the first time in human history.
Elliptical Curves in CMS RFC 8755
JSON Web Token (JWT) RFC 7519
JSON Web Key (JWK) RFC 7517
JSON Web Encryption (JWE) RFC 7516
CFRG Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) and Signatures in JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) RFC 8037
JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) RFC 7518
JSON Web Signature (JWS) RFC 7515
JSON Web Key (JWK) Thumbprint RFC7638
HMAC-Based One-Time Password Algorithm RFC 4226
JOSE -JSON Object Signing and Encryption RFC 7520
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) RFC 5652 (Digital Signatures)
X25519 Diffie-Hellman algorithm RFC 8037
X.509 Certificate RFC 5280 (Binds Common Names to keys), no PKI.
ECDSA-P256 Curve as follows:
public static CurveFp prime256v1 = new CurveFp(
"0xffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000fffffffffffffffffffffffc",
"0x5ac635d8aa3a93e7b3ebbd55769886bc651d06b0cc53b0f63bce3c3e27d2604b",
"0xffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff",
"0xffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551",
"0x6b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c296",
"0x0x4fe342e2fe1a7f9b8ee7eb4a7c0f9e162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51f5",
"prime256v1",
new int[] { 1, 2, 840, 10045, 3, 1, 7 },
"P-256"
);
Public Keys
All public Keys in JWK RFC 7517 format, as Little Indian UTF8 byte coded format.
EcDsa Signatures
EcDsa-P256 signature, Big Integers are variable length (between 63 and 65 bytes) due to being signed, as such the following ASN.1 encoding is employed.
All signatures within the infrastructure follow this specification:
ASN.1 encoded signature data, consisting of:
1-byte type 0x30 "SEQUENCE"
1-byte length of the entire Signature
The signature's R value, consisting of:
1-byte type 0x02 "INTEGER"
1-byte length of the integer
variable-length R value's bytes
The signature's S value, consisting of:
1-byte type 0x02 "INTEGER"
1-byte length of the integer
variable-length S value's bytes
All variable length R,S values in bytes are Little Endian format.
Mobile
The Mobile infrastructure is in Little Endian format.
The Coin
PayMe Token
Secure Identity